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id="post-meta"><div class="meta-firstline"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">发表于</span><time class="post-meta-date-created" datetime="2025-06-13T16:45:00.000Z" title="发表于 2025-06-14 00:45:00">2025-06-14</time><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-history fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">更新于</span><time class="post-meta-date-updated" datetime="2025-06-13T16:45:00.000Z" title="更新于 2025-06-14 00:45:00">2025-06-14</time></span><span class="post-meta-categories"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/C-%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6/">C++进阶</a></span></div><div class="meta-secondline"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-wordcount"><i class="far fa-file-word fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">总字数:</span><span class="word-count">3649</span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="far fa-clock fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读时长:</span><span>14分钟</span></span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-pv-cv" id="" data-flag-title=""><i class="far fa-eye fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">浏览量:</span><span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"><i class="fa-solid fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span></span></div></div></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="container post-content" id="article-container"><div id="post-outdate-notice" data="{&quot;limitDay&quot;:365,&quot;messagePrev&quot;:&quot;It has been&quot;,&quot;messageNext&quot;:&quot;days since the last update, the content of the article may be outdated.&quot;,&quot;postUpdate&quot;:&quot;2025-06-14 00:45:00&quot;}" hidden></div><p><code>C++</code> 的输入输出都依靠 <code>IO</code> 流实现，本章为 <code>C++</code> 最后一章，后续如有遗漏将会继续补充</p>
<h1 id="C语言IO流"><a href="#C语言IO流" class="headerlink" title="C语言IO流"></a>C语言IO流</h1><p><code>C</code> 语言中我们用到的最频繁的输入输出方式就是 <code>scanf ()</code> 与 <code>printf()</code>，<code>scanf()</code>：从标准输入设备(键盘)读取数据，并将值存放在变量中。<code>printf()</code>：将指定的文字&#x2F;字符串输出到标准输出设备(屏幕)</p>
<p>注意宽度输出和精度输出控制。<code>C</code> 语言借助了相应的缓冲区来进行输入与输出。如下图所示：</p>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://picture-bed000.oss-cn-shenzhen.aliyuncs.com/c21cc906086e4cbf9b602fdadfc611f1.png" alt="在这里插入图片描述"></p>
<p><strong>对输入输出缓冲区的理解：</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>可以屏蔽掉低级 <code>I</code> &#x2F; <code>O</code>的实现，低级 <code>I</code> &#x2F; <code>O</code> 的实现依赖操作系统本身内核的实现，所以如果能够屏蔽这部分的差异，可以很容易写出可移植的程序</li>
<li>可以使用这部分的内容实现“行”读取的行为，对于计算机而言是没有“行”这个概念，有了这部分，就可以定义“行”的概念，然后解析缓冲区的内容，返回一个“行”</li>
</ol>
<h1 id="流的概念"><a href="#流的概念" class="headerlink" title="流的概念"></a>流的概念</h1><blockquote>
<p>“流”即是流动的意思，是物质从一处向另一处流动的过程，是对一种有序连续且具有方向性的数据（其单位可以是 <code>bit</code>、<code>byte</code>、<code>packet</code>）的抽象描述<br><code>C++</code> 流是指信息从外部输入设备（如键盘）向计算机内部（如内存）输入和从内存向外部输出设备（显示器）输出的过程。这种输入输出的过程被形象的比喻为“流”</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>它的特性是：</strong> 有序连续、具有方向性</p>
<p>为了实现这种流动，<code>C++</code> 定义了 <code>I</code> &#x2F; <code>O</code> 标准类库，这些每个类都称为流&#x2F;流类，用以完成某方面的功能</p>
<h1 id="C-IO流"><a href="#C-IO流" class="headerlink" title="C++IO流"></a>C++IO流</h1><p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://picture-bed000.oss-cn-shenzhen.aliyuncs.com/6c34c1e5fa6c4e598784643652f987b6.png" alt="在这里插入图片描述"></p>
<p><code>C++</code> 系统实现了一个庞大的类库，其中 <code>ios</code> 为基类，其他类都是直接或间接派生自 <code>ios</code> 类</p>
<h2 id="C-标准IO流"><a href="#C-标准IO流" class="headerlink" title="C++标准IO流"></a>C++标准IO流</h2><p><code>C++</code> 标准库提供了 <code>4</code> 个全局流对象 <code>cin</code>、<code>cout</code>、<code>cerr</code>、<code>clog</code>，使用 <code>cout</code> 进行标准输出，即数据从内存流向控制台(显示器)。使用 <code>cin</code> 进行标准输入即数据通过键盘输入到程序中，同时 <code>C++</code> 标准库还提供了 <code>cerr</code> 用来进行标准错误的输出，以及 <code>clog</code> 进行日志的输出，从上图可以看出，<code>cout</code>、<code>cerr</code>、<code>clog</code> 是 <code>ostream</code> 类的三个不同的对象，因此这三个对象现在基本没有区别，只是应用场景不同</p>
<p>在使用时候必须要包含文件并引入 <code>std</code> 标准命名空间</p>
<p><strong>注意：</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><code>cin</code> 为缓冲流。键盘输入的数据保存在缓冲区中，当要提取时，是从缓冲区中拿。如果一次输入过多，会留在那儿慢慢用，如果输入错了，必须在回车之前修改，如果回车键按下就无法挽回了。只有把输入缓冲区中的数据取完后，才要求输入新的数据</li>
<li>输入的数据类型必须与要提取的数据类型一致，否则出错。出错只是在流的状态字 <code>state</code> 中对应位置位（置1），程序继续</li>
<li>空格和回车都可以作为数据之间的分格符，所以多个数据可以在一行输入，也可以分行输入。但如果是字符型和字符串，则空格（ <code>ASCII</code> 码为 <code>32</code> ）无法用 <code>cin</code> 输入，字符串中也不能有空格。回车符也无法读入</li>
</ol>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>操作</th>
<th>是否跳过空白符</th>
<th>读取内容</th>
<th>典型场景</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td><code>cin &gt;&gt; ch;</code></td>
<td>是</td>
<td>下一个非空白字符</td>
<td>读取用户输入的非空白字符（如姓名首字母）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cin.get(ch);</code></td>
<td>否</td>
<td>下一个字符（包括空白符）</td>
<td>读取文件中的原始字符（如换行符）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cin.getline(buf, size);</code></td>
<td>否</td>
<td>读取一整行（直到换行符）</td>
<td>读取包含空格的句子</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ol start="4">
<li><code>cin</code> 和 <code>cout</code> 可以直接输入和输出内置类型数据，原因：标准库已经将所有内置类型的输入和输出全部重载了</li>
<li>对于自定义类型，如果要支持 <code>cin</code> 和 <code>cout</code> 的标准输入输出，需要对 <code>&lt;&lt;</code> 和 <code>&gt;&gt;</code> 进行重载</li>
<li>在线 <code>OJ</code> 中的输入和输出：</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>对于 <code>IO</code> 类型的算法，一般都需要循环输入：</li>
<li>输出：严格按照题目的要求进行，多一个少一个空格都不行</li>
<li>连续输入时，<code>vs</code> 系列编译器下在输入 <code>ctrl + Z</code> 时结束</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 单个元素循环输入</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">while</span> (cin &gt;&gt; a)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// ...</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 多个元素循环输入</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">while</span> (c &gt;&gt; a &gt;&gt; b &gt;&gt; c)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// ...</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 整行接收</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">while</span> (cin &gt;&gt; str)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// ...</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="7">
<li><code>istream</code> 类型对象转换为逻辑条件判断值</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">istream&amp; <span class="keyword">operator</span>&gt;&gt; (<span class="type">int</span>&amp; val);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="title">bool</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="type">const</span></span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>实际上我们看到使用 <code>while(cin&gt;&gt;i)</code> 去流中提取对象数据时，调用的是 <code>operator&gt;&gt;</code>，返回值是 <code>istream</code> 类型的对象，那么这里可以做逻辑条件值，源自于 <code>istream</code> 的对象又调用了<code>operator bool</code>，<code>operator bool</code> 调用时如果接收流失败，或者有结束标志，则返回 <code>false</code></p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Date</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">friend</span> ostream&amp; <span class="keyword">operator</span> &lt;&lt; (ostream&amp; out, <span class="type">const</span> Date&amp; d);</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">friend</span> istream&amp; <span class="keyword">operator</span> &gt;&gt; (istream&amp; in, Date&amp; d);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span>:</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">Date</span>(<span class="type">int</span> year = <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="type">int</span> month = <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="type">int</span> day = <span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">		:_year(year)</span><br><span class="line">		, _month(month)</span><br><span class="line">		, _day(day)</span><br><span class="line">	&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="function"><span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="title">bool</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">	</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="comment">// 这里是随意写的，假设输入_year为0，则结束</span></span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">if</span> (_year == <span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line">			<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">false</span>;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">else</span></span><br><span class="line">			<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">true</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span>:</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> _year;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> _month;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> _day;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">istream&amp; <span class="keyword">operator</span> &gt;&gt; (istream&amp; in, Date&amp; d)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	in &gt;&gt; d._year &gt;&gt; d._month &gt;&gt; d._day;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> in;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ostream&amp; <span class="keyword">operator</span> &lt;&lt; (ostream&amp; out, <span class="type">const</span> Date&amp; d)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	out &lt;&lt; d._year &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot; &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; d._month &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot; &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; d._day;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> out;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// C++ IO流，使用面向对象+运算符重载的方式</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 能更好的兼容自定义类型，流插入和流提取</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// 自动识别类型的本质--函数重载</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// 内置类型可以直接使用--因为库里面ostream类型已经实现了</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> i = <span class="number">1</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">double</span> j = <span class="number">2.2</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; i &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; j &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// 自定义类型则需要我们自己重载&lt;&lt; 和 &gt;&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="function">Date <span class="title">d</span><span class="params">(<span class="number">2022</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">10</span>)</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; d;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">while</span> (d)</span><br><span class="line">	&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		cin &gt;&gt; d;</span><br><span class="line">		cout &lt;&lt; d;</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="C-文件IO流"><a href="#C-文件IO流" class="headerlink" title="C++文件IO流"></a>C++文件IO流</h2><p><code>C++</code> 的文件输入 &#x2F; 输出（<code>File I/O</code>）通过标准库中的流类实现，主要涉及以下三个类：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>ifstream</code>（<code>Input File Stream</code>）：用于从文件读取数据（输入）</li>
<li><code>ofstream</code>（<code>Output File Stream</code>）：用于向文件写入数据（输出）</li>
<li><code>fstream</code>（<code>File Stream</code>）：支持读写操作，兼具 <code>ifstream</code> 和 <code>ofstream</code> 的功能</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="基本使用步骤"><a href="#基本使用步骤" class="headerlink" title="基本使用步骤"></a>基本使用步骤</h3><ol>
<li>包含头文件</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;fstream&gt;</span>  <span class="comment">// 文件流操作</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;string&gt;</span>   <span class="comment">// 字符串操作（可选）</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ol start="2">
<li>打开文件<br>使用构造函数或 <code>open()</code> 方法打开文件，需指定文件名和打开模式</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>打开模式（可选组合）：</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p><code>ios::in</code>：读模式（默认用于 <code>ifstream</code>）</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>ios::out</code>：写模式（默认用于 <code>ofstream</code>，会清空文件）</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>ios::app</code>：追加模式（不清空文件，在末尾写入，<code>ios::out | ios::app</code>：追加写入文件）</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>ios::binary</code>：二进制模式（用于非文本文件，<code>ios::in | ios::binary</code>：以二进制模式读取文件）</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>ios::trunc</code>：截断模式（打开时清空文件，默认与 <code>ios::out</code> 一起使用，<code>ios::out | ios::trunc</code>）</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>🔥<strong>值得注意的是：</strong> <code>ios::</code> 是 <code>std</code> 的内部类，必须加上</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 方式1：使用构造函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">ifstream <span class="title">fin</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">&quot;input.txt&quot;</span>)</span></span>;         <span class="comment">// 读文件（默认模式为 ios::in）</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">ofstream <span class="title">fout</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">&quot;output.txt&quot;</span>)</span></span>;       <span class="comment">// 写文件（默认模式为 ios::out）</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">ofstream <span class="title">fapp</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">&quot;append.txt&quot;</span>, ios::out | ios::app)</span></span>;  <span class="comment">// 追加模式</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//创建文件的时候默认调用ios::out | ios::trunc</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 方式2：使用 open() 方法（可先创建对象，后打开文件）</span></span><br><span class="line">fstream file;</span><br><span class="line">file.<span class="built_in">open</span>(<span class="string">&quot;data.txt&quot;</span>, ios::in | ios::out);  <span class="comment">// 读写模式</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ol start="3">
<li>检查文件是否成功打开</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> (!fin.<span class="built_in">is_open</span>()) &#123;  <span class="comment">// 或直接用 if (!fin)</span></span><br><span class="line">    cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;无法打开文件！&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span>;  <span class="comment">// 退出程序</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ol start="4">
<li>读写文件</li>
</ol>
<p>写入文件：使用 <code>&lt;&lt;</code> 运算符（类似 <code>cout</code>）<br>读取文件：使用 <code>&gt;&gt;</code> 运算符（类似 <code>cin</code>）或 <code>getline()</code> 逐行读取</p>
<p><strong>示例：</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 写入文件</span></span><br><span class="line">fout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;Hello, World!&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;  <span class="comment">// 写入字符串和换行符</span></span><br><span class="line">fout &lt;&lt; <span class="number">42</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot; &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="number">3.14</span> &lt;&lt; endl;  <span class="comment">// 写入数值</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 读取文件（按空格分隔）</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> num;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">double</span> d;</span><br><span class="line">fin &gt;&gt; num &gt;&gt; d;  <span class="comment">// 从文件读取整数和浮点数</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 逐行读取文件</span></span><br><span class="line">string line;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">while</span> (<span class="built_in">getline</span>(fin, line)) &#123;  <span class="comment">// 每次读取一行，直到文件结束</span></span><br><span class="line">    cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;读取的行：&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; line &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ol start="5">
<li>关闭文件</li>
</ol>
<p>文件操作结束后，使用 <code>close()</code> 方法关闭文件</p>
<p><strong>注意：</strong> 对象析构时会自动关闭文件，但显式调用 <code>close()</code> 是良好习惯</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fin.<span class="built_in">close</span>();   <span class="comment">// 关闭输入文件</span></span><br><span class="line">fout.<span class="built_in">close</span>();  <span class="comment">// 关闭输出文件</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="文件操作示例"><a href="#文件操作示例" class="headerlink" title="文件操作示例"></a>文件操作示例</h3><ol>
<li>写入文件（覆盖模式）</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;fstream&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;iostream&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> std;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span> </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function">ofstream <span class="title">fout</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">&quot;data.txt&quot;</span>)</span></span>;  <span class="comment">// 打开文件（默认覆盖模式）</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (!fout) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;无法打开文件！&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    fout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;姓名：张三&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">    fout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;年龄：20&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">    fout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;成绩：95.5&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    fout.<span class="built_in">close</span>();  <span class="comment">// 关闭文件</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ol start="2">
<li>读取文件（逐行读取）</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;fstream&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;iostream&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;string&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> std;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span> </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function">ifstream <span class="title">fin</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">&quot;data.txt&quot;</span>)</span></span>;  <span class="comment">// 打开文件用于读取</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (!fin) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;无法打开文件！&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    string line;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">while</span> (<span class="built_in">getline</span>(fin, line)) &#123;  <span class="comment">// 逐行读取</span></span><br><span class="line">        cout &lt;&lt; line &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    fin.<span class="built_in">close</span>();  <span class="comment">// 关闭文件</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ol start="3">
<li>追加写入文件</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;fstream&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;iostream&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> std;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span> </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 以追加模式打开文件（ios::app）</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function">ofstream <span class="title">fout</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">&quot;data.txt&quot;</span>, ios:: | ios::app)</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (!fout) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;无法打开文件！&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    fout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;附加信息：优秀学生&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">    fout.<span class="built_in">close</span>();</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ol start="4">
<li>二进制文件读写</li>
</ol>
<p>使用 <code>write()</code> 和 <code>read()</code> 方法操作二进制数据，需指定数据地址和长度</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;fstream&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> std;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title class_">Student</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">char</span> name[<span class="number">20</span>];</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">int</span> age;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">double</span> score;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 写入二进制文件</span></span><br><span class="line">    Student s = &#123;<span class="string">&quot;李四&quot;</span>, <span class="number">21</span>, <span class="number">89.5</span>&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function">ofstream <span class="title">fout</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">&quot;student.bin&quot;</span>, ios::binary)</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line">    fout.<span class="built_in">write</span>(<span class="built_in">reinterpret_cast</span>&lt;<span class="type">const</span> <span class="type">char</span>*&gt;(&amp;s), <span class="built_in">sizeof</span>(Student));</span><br><span class="line">    fout.<span class="built_in">close</span>();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 读取二进制文件</span></span><br><span class="line">    Student readStudent;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function">ifstream <span class="title">fin</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">&quot;student.bin&quot;</span>, ios::binary)</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line">    fin.<span class="built_in">read</span>(<span class="built_in">reinterpret_cast</span>&lt;<span class="type">char</span>*&gt;(&amp;readStudent), <span class="built_in">sizeof</span>(Student));</span><br><span class="line">    fin.<span class="built_in">close</span>();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h1 id="stringstream"><a href="#stringstream" class="headerlink" title="stringstream"></a>stringstream</h1><p>在 <code>C</code> 语言中，如果想要将一个整形变量的数据转化为字符串格式，如何去做？</p>
<ol>
<li>使用 <code>itoa()</code> 函数</li>
<li>使用 <code>sprintf()</code> 函数</li>
</ol>
<p>但是两个函数在转化时，都得需要先给出保存结果的空间，那空间要给多大呢，就不太好界定，而且转化格式不匹配时，可能还会得到错误的结果甚至程序崩溃</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> n = <span class="number">123456789</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">char</span> s1[<span class="number">32</span>];</span><br><span class="line">	_itoa(n, s1, <span class="number">10</span>);</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">char</span> s2[<span class="number">32</span>];</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">sprintf</span>(s2, <span class="string">&quot;%d&quot;</span>, n);</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">char</span> s3[<span class="number">32</span>];</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">sprintf</span>(s3, <span class="string">&quot;%f&quot;</span>, n);</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在 <code>C++</code> 中，可以使用 <code>stringstream</code> 类对象来避开此问题</p>
<p>在程序中如果想要使用 <code>stringstream</code>，必须要包含头文件。在该头文件下，标准库三个类：<br><code>istringstream</code>、<code>ostringstream</code> 和 <code>stringstream</code>，分别用来进行流的输入、输出和输入输出操作，本文主要介绍 <code>stringstream</code></p>
<p><code>stringstream</code> 主要可以用来：</p>
<ol>
<li>将数值类型数据格式化为字符串</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span><span class="string">&lt;sstream&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> a = <span class="number">12345678</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	string sa;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// 将一个整形变量转化为字符串，存储到string类对象中</span></span><br><span class="line">	stringstream s;</span><br><span class="line">	s &lt;&lt; a;</span><br><span class="line">	s &gt;&gt; sa;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// clear()</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// 注意多次转换时，必须使用clear将上次转换状态清空掉</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// stringstreams在转换结尾时(即最后一个转换后),会将其内部状态设置为badbit</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// 因此下一次转换是必须调用clear()将状态重置为goodbit才可以转换</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// 但是clear()不会将stringstreams底层字符串清空掉</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// s.str(&quot;&quot;);</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 将stringstream底层管理string对象设置成&quot;&quot;, </span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 否则多次转换时，会将结果全部累积在底层string对象中</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	s.<span class="built_in">str</span>(<span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">	s.<span class="built_in">clear</span>();   <span class="comment">// 清空s, 不清空会转化失败</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">double</span> d = <span class="number">12.34</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	s &lt;&lt; d;</span><br><span class="line">	s &gt;&gt; sa;</span><br><span class="line">	string sValue;</span><br><span class="line">	sValue = s.<span class="built_in">str</span>();   <span class="comment">// str()方法：返回stringsteam中管理的string类型</span></span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; sValue &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ol start="2">
<li>字符串拼接</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	stringstream sstream;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// 将多个字符串放入 sstream 中</span></span><br><span class="line">	sstream &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;first&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot; &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;string,&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	sstream &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot; second string&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;strResult is: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; sstream.<span class="built_in">str</span>() &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// 清空 sstream</span></span><br><span class="line">	sstream.<span class="built_in">str</span>(<span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">	sstream &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;third string&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;After clear, strResult is: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; sstream.<span class="built_in">str</span>() &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ol start="3">
<li>序列化和反序列化结构数据</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title class_">ChatInfo</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	string _name; <span class="comment">// 名字</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> _id;      <span class="comment">// id</span></span><br><span class="line">	Date _date;   <span class="comment">// 时间</span></span><br><span class="line">	string _msg;  <span class="comment">// 聊天信息</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// 结构信息序列化为字符串</span></span><br><span class="line">	ChatInfo winfo = &#123; <span class="string">&quot;张三&quot;</span>, <span class="number">135246</span>, &#123; <span class="number">2022</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">10</span> &#125;, <span class="string">&quot;晚上一起看电影吧&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">	&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">	ostringstream oss;</span><br><span class="line">	oss &lt;&lt; winfo._name &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot; &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; winfo._id &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot; &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; winfo._date &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot; &quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">		&lt;&lt; winfo._msg;</span><br><span class="line">	string str = oss.<span class="built_in">str</span>();</span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; str &lt;&lt; endl &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// 我们通过网络这个字符串发送给对象，实际开发中，信息相对更复杂，</span></span><br><span class="line">	   <span class="comment">// 一般会选用Json、xml等方式进行更好的支持</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">// 字符串解析成结构信息</span></span><br><span class="line">	ChatInfo rInfo;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="function">istringstream <span class="title">iss</span><span class="params">(str)</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line">	iss &gt;&gt; rInfo._name &gt;&gt; rInfo._id &gt;&gt; rInfo._date &gt;&gt; rInfo._msg;</span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;-------------------------------------------------------&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">		&lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;姓名：&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; rInfo._name &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;(&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; rInfo._id &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;) &quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; rInfo._date &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; rInfo._name &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;:&gt;&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; rInfo._msg &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;-------------------------------------------------------&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">		&lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>注意：</strong><br>4. <code>stringstream</code> 实际是在其底层维护了一个 <code>string</code> 类型的对象用来保存结果<br>5. 多次数据类型转化时，一定要用 <code>clear()</code> 来清空，才能正确转化，但 <code>clear()</code> 不会将 <code>stringstream</code> 底层的 <code>string</code> 对象清空<br>6. 可以使用 <code>s. str(&quot;&quot;)</code> 方法将底层 <code>string</code> 对象设置为””空字符串<br>7. 可以使用 <code>s.str()</code> 将让 <code>stringstream</code> 返回其底层的 <code>string</code> 对象<br>8. <code>stringstream</code> 使用 <code>string</code> 类对象代替字符数组，可以避免缓冲区溢出的危险，而且其会对参数类型进行推演，不需要格式化控制，也不会出现格式化失败的风险，因此使用更方便，更安全</p>
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class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">C++IO流</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#C-%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86IO%E6%B5%81"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">C++标准IO流</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#C-%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6IO%E6%B5%81"><span class="toc-number">3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">C++文件IO流</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A5%E9%AA%A4"><span class="toc-number">3.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">基本使用步骤</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B"><span class="toc-number">3.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">文件操作示例</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#stringstream"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">stringstream</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E8%AF%BB%E8%80%85%E4%BB%AC%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%89%E8%BF%9E%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text">希望读者们多多三连支持</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%B0%8F%E7%BC%96%E4%BC%9A%E7%BB%A7%E7%BB%AD%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0"><span class="toc-number">6.</span> <span class="toc-text">小编会继续更新</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BD%A0%E4%BB%AC%E7%9A%84%E9%BC%93%E5%8A%B1%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E6%88%91%E5%89%8D%E8%BF%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%EF%BC%81"><span class="toc-number">7.</span> <span class="toc-text">你们的鼓励就是我前进的动力！</span></a></li></ol></div></div><div class="card-widget card-recent-post"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span>最新文章</span></div><div class="aside-list"><div class="aside-list-item"><a class="thumbnail" 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